Oscar Niemeyer - Photo Portfolio of Selected Works

The Halayeb Triangle

The Halayeb Triangle (map), also sometimes called the Hala’ib Triangle is an area of disputed land located on the border between Egypt and Sudan. The land covers an area of 7,945 square miles (20,580 square kilometers) and is named for the town of Hala’ib which is located there. The presence of the Halayeb Triangle is caused by the different locations of the Egypt-Sudan border. There is a political boundary that was set in 1899 that runs along the 22nd parallel and an administrative boundary that was set by the British in 1902. The Halayeb Triangle is located in the difference between the two and since the mid-1990s Egypt has had de facto control of the area. History of the Halayeb Triangle The first border between Egypt and Sudan  was set in 1899 when the United Kingdom  had control over the area. At that time the Anglo-Egyptian Agreement for Sudan set a political boundary between the two at 22nd parallel or along the line of 22ÌŠ N latitude. Later, in 1902 the British drew a new administrative boundary between Egypt and Sudan which gave control of the Ababda territory that was south of the 22nd parallel to Egypt. The new administrative boundary gave Sudan control of land that was north of the 22nd parallel. At that time, Sudan controlled about 18,000 square miles (46,620 sq km) of land and the villages of Hala’ib and Abu Ramad. In 1956, Sudan became independent and the disagreement over the control of the Halayeb Triangle between Sudan and Egypt began. Egypt  considered the border between the two as the 1899 political boundary, while Sudan claimed that the border was the 1902 administrative boundary. This led to both Egypt and Sudan claiming sovereignty over the region. In addition, a small area south of the 22nd parallel called Bir Tawil that was formerly administered by Egypt was claimed by neither Egypt nor Sudan at this time. As a result of this border disagreement, there have been several periods of hostility in the Halayeb Triangle since the 1950s. For example in 1958, Sudan planned to hold elections in the region and Egypt sent troops into the area. Despite these hostilities, however, both countries exercised joint control of the Halayeb Triangle until 1992 when Egypt objected to Sudan allowing exploration of the region’s coastal areas by a Canadian oil company. This led to further hostilities and an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Egypt’s then-president Hosni Mubarak. As a result, Egypt strengthened control of the Halayeb Triangle and forced all Sudanese officials out. By 1998 Egypt and Sudan  agreed to begin working on a compromise as to which country would control the Halayeb Triangle. In January 2000, Sudan withdrew all forces from the Halayeb Triangle and ceded control of the region to Egypt. Since Sudan’s withdrawal from the Halayeb Triangle in 2000, there are often still conflicts between Egypt and Sudan over control of the region. In addition, the Eastern Front, a coalition of Sudanese rebels, states that it claims the Halayeb Triangle as Sudanese because the people there are more ethnically related to Sudan. In 2010 the Sudanese President Omer Hassan Al-Bashir said, â€Å"Halayeb is Sudanese and will stay Sudanese† (Sudan Tribune, 2010). In April 2013 there were rumors that Egypt’s President Mohamed Morsi and Sudan’s President Al-Bashir had met to discuss a compromise of control over the Halayeb Triangle and the possibility of giving control of the region back to Sudan (Sanchez, 2013). Egypt denied those rumors however and claimed that the meeting was simply to strengthen cooperation between the two nations. Thus, the Halayeb Triangle still remains in Egypt’s control while Sudan claims territorial rights over the region. Geography, Climate, and Ecology of the Halayeb Triangle The Halayeb Triangle is located on the southern border of Egypt and the northern border of Sudan. It covers an area of 7,945 square miles (20,580 square kilometers) and has coastlines on the Red Sea. The area is called the Halayeb Triangle because Hala’ib is a large city within the region and the area is shaped roughly like a triangle. The southern border, about 180 miles (290 km) follows the 22nd parallel. In addition to the main, disputed portion of the Halayeb Triangle there is a small area of land called Bir Tawil that is located south of the 22nd parallel at the triangle’s westernmost tip. Bir Tawil has an area of 795 square miles (2,060 sq km) and is not claimed by Egypt or Sudan. The climate of the Halayeb Triangle is similar to that of northern Sudan. It is normally very hot and receives little precipitation outside of a rainy season. Near the Red Sea, the climate is milder and there is more precipitation. The Halayeb Triangle has a varied topography. The highest peak in the region is Mount Shendib at 6,270 feet (1,911 m). In addition, the Gebel Elba mountain area is a nature reserve that is home to Elba Mountain. This peak has an elevation of 4,708 feet (1,435 m) and is unique because its summit is considered a mist oasis because of intense dew, mist and high levels of precipitation (Wikipedia.org). This mist oasis creates a unique ecosystem in the region and also makes it a biodiversity hotspot with over 458 plant species. Settlements and People of the Halayeb Triangle The two major towns within the Halayeb Triangle are Hala’ib and Abu Ramad. Both of these towns are located on the Red Sea coast and Abu Ramad is the last stop for buses bound for Cairo and other Egyptian cities. Osief is the closest Sudanese town to the Halayeb Triangle (Wikipedia.org).Because of its lack of development, most of the people living within the Halayeb Triangle are nomads and the region has little economic activity. The Halayeb Triangle is however said to be rich in manganese. This is an element that is significant in the production of iron and steel but it is also used as an additive for gasoline and is used in alkaline batteries (Abu-Fadil, 2010). Egypt has currently been working to export ferromanganese bars to produce steel (Abu-Fadil, 2010). Due to the ongoing conflict between Egypt and Sudan over control of the Halayeb Triangle it is clear that this is an important world region and it will be interesting to observe whether it will remain in Egyptian control.

Essay on Climate Change A Greenland Perspective - 1326 Words

Climate Change: A Greenland Perspective Works Cited Not Included Climate change is the alteration of temperature and precipitation patterns over an extended period of time. Across the globe, scientists are identifying climate change in relation to the greenhouse gas emissions and solar cycles. While most researchers believe that the increase of atmospheric CO2 is effecting global warming, others are endorsing the concerns of another Ice Age, which is likely to occur due to orbital variations of the Earth. In his article, Abrupt Climate Change, Richard Alley titles one section, ?Chilling Warmth,?15 which perfectly describes the angst of many people who foresee a deadly warming trend, and also the paradox of global warming causing†¦show more content†¦He cites a new study that states that the melting of Greenland?s ice cap could raise the oceans by twenty three feet (seven meters), which would submerge low-lying coastal regions and other cities located at sea level, stretching from Los Angeles to London.18 The rising sea levels and increase d rainfall in the Arctic could bring about horrific floods and severe storms across the globe. The increase in the greenhouse gases from global warming, which the Kyoto Protocol is working to counteract, may cause an uprooting of ecosystems around the globe. In Greenland, the melting of ice caps would cause rising sea levels, a slowing of the thermohaline circulation, and a reduction of salinity; the nearby ocean current systems, which influence the sea?s temperature and salinity, would affect the distribution of organisms.19 Climate change is directly related to the conservation and preservation of species, genetic, and ecosystem biodiversity. Since the last ice age, in Greenland, in which mostly all of life became extinct, the plants, animals, and microorganisms have biologically adapted to the Arctic climatic zones. Another dramatic climate change could potentially cause a domino effect of extinction, habitat destruction, and habitat fragmentation. While some researchers talk of global warming, others tell a different tale that claims that climate change is determined by theShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And The Rising Sea Levels1353 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the first indicators of global warming when it was first discovered and discussed was the acknowledgment of rising sea levels. In many climate change and apocalypse movies the rising of the ocean is the downfall of the population of the planet. The topic about the rising sea levels was not always indisputable. When the topic of climate change was first brought up it was mostly known as global warming and connected to the greenhouse effect. The notion of oceans raising above sea level wasRead MoreResearch Paper On Climate Change1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe four papers that I am looking at all have climate change in common and it is the recurring theme throughout the papers, they all look at different areas of both the U.K. and also into the Northern parts of the world . The main areas of study are; the west of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Britain as a whole and finally Greenland. These papers all look at different ways and use different methods so that they are able to understand and learn from the climate that had occurred in the past, the methodsRead MoreClimate Change Has Become A Significant Policy Issue Debated By The Entire Global Community1421 Words   |  6 Pages Climate change has become a significant policy issue debated by the entire global community. Through out earth’s existence, climate change has been a part of the evolutionary process. Earth’s climate goes through a sequence of glacier and inter-glacier periods. These are periods where the earth heats up and global warming takes over the land. Then, there will be a period of an ice age, where snow and ice encompass most of the land. Recent studies provide evidence to this theory and additionallyRead MoreImpact Of The Hydrocarbon Development Industry On The Ecology O f Greenland And Traditional Inuit Way Of Life2134 Words   |  9 Pagesdiverge based on the perspectives from which they are formed, and this can affect the appreciation of a regions ecological complexity. Whether examined from a global or spherical perspective, obtaining an understanding of the world requires careful consideration when undergoing interpretation to prevent a loss of its complexity. Both global and spherical perspectives of the world limit the perception of ecology when applied individually. However, when combined, both perspectives provide a comprehensiveRead MoreClimate Changes And Climate Change Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pages Climate is average patterns of temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind and seasons. Climate patterns play a significant role in shaping natural ecosystems, and human economies that depends on them. But the climate we have come to expect is not what it used to be. We know this from plenty of observation, documented in hundreds of journa l papers and scientific research which has shown many evidence for rapid climate change. Climate change, refers to the rise in average surface temperature andRead MoreWhy Overpopulation Is The Problem1586 Words   |  7 Pagesresulting from overpopulation and leading to the extinction of mankind (Kuo, 23). The purpose of Kuo’s article is to stress the fact that overpopulation has been over looked as the source of many of the problems afflicting the world today, including climate change, food and water scarcity, environmental degradation, as well as other economic and social effects like unemployment. She adopts logos, ethos, and pathos as well as an urgent tone in order to persuade the United Nations, government officials, andRead MoreClimate Change : The Planet1227 Words   |  5 PagesClimate Change The planet that is our home never ceases to amaze mankind with its seemingly never-ending mysteries. Home to about 8.7 million various species that roam the globe; the Planet Earth is considerably the most habituated planet in our solar system. Despite numerous attempts to research the other fellow planets in our system, it appears that many drastic changes have been taking place on our home planet. From the evolution of plants and animals, to the advancements in modern technologyRead MoreThe Threat, Responsibility, And Solutions Climate Change And Global Warming Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Threat, Responsibility, and Solutions to Climate Change and Global Warming â€Å"If the Maldives cannot be saved today we do not feel that there is much of a chance for the rest of the world.† - said Former President of the Maldives, Mohamed Nasheed, while sitting underwater signing a document calling for global reduction in carbon emissions. He is right, if we do not start improving the climate right now, our world will soon be under water like the lowest nation, the Maldives which is predicted toRead MoreClimate Warming : Global Warming Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe climate on the Earth is changing. Currently, the temperature of the earth’s climate system continues to rapidly increase which leads to global warming. Global warming, by definition is the â€Å"gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants†(Webster’s). There are many reasons why global warming occ urs, such as human activities and the increasingRead MoreWhat Are The Differences Between Climate Change And Global Warming?1318 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophy or perspective that places intrinsic value on all living organisms and their natural environment, regardless of their perceived usefulness or importance to human beings. Origin of ecocentrism Expand. Task 3: Ecological footprint: Estimation of 2.5 earths (Last year I completed the same series of questions and was told that my estimation was 4 earths, so I have improved my footprint a little bit) Task 4: Textbook Questions: REMEMBER: 1. What is the difference between climate change and global

Nothing Is Perfect free essay sample

I get off the yellow bus with my classmates who are all seniors and take a deep breath of the fresh morning air. It was a perfect morning to being going out and writing about nature for our college english class. The forest calms me inside. I walk down a trail to my right. The wind calls me and leads me farther into the forest. I look to my left and see a swamp, look to my right and see a bundle of tall trees. I take out my blanket that is the size of a king bed and lay it on an old fallen tree. I stare into the distance. Beauty is in every inch of the forest. Among its imperfections, it still has beauty. A tall orange leaved tree is right in front of me, glistening in the sunshine. Nothing is perfect. Things may be beautiful but no animal, object or person is a hundred percent perfect. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing Is Perfect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through middle school and high school I have always been so worried about what my hair looks like. I use to see what everyone was wearing and how they were doing their hair. I cared how I looked to everyone at school. I would put on makeup because everyone else was. I would do that all just because thats how much I worried about impressing other people. I would always second guess myself in the morning when I was choosing what to wear. Saying to myself â€Å" Would they like me more if I wore this† â€Å" Would they notice me more if I did this to my hair?† Bam! I see the most perfect orange tree in front of me. The wind is blowing through my hair. The cold breeze sends shivers throughout my entire body. As I venture down the trails, droplets fall onto my sweatshirt. I see trees with no leaves and some with leaves. The leaves are sunset colored airplanes in the sky. The perfect orange leaved tree sways back and forth as the wind slowly moves it in any direction it wants to. Birds chirp away but are nowhere to be seen. The wet, discolored grass on the trail has been flattened, like it has been walked on a million times. Beauty surrounds me. The beauty of the orange tree draws me in. The leaves are a bright orange and yellow, with some branches that stick out farther than others. The dark brown, bumpy bark covered every inch of the tree. The wind blows knocking its leaves onto the ground scattering them all around. The closer I look at the tree, I can see how it isnt perfect even though it may look like it, it has broken branches and the bark is tearing apart. Flaws make things interesting.Im worried about making mistakes or how I even look, which shouldn’t matter at all. Everyone has beauty but it is whats on the inside that makes a person different than others.You can have beauty on the outside, but you may not be perfect on the inside. Over the years, I have been trying to be perfect but it hasnt gotten me anywhere. I dont have the hair, skin or anything that I wish I had and Ive finally realized that its okay as long as I have beauty inside and out. Everyone has their own beauty, but you cant be perfect all the time. It can be a persons smile, hair, eyes which are all outside appearances. There are other people that are funny, caring, kind which are only seen once you get to know them, so their beauty is hidden.I want imperfect to be the new perfect. I always think of Hannah Montanas song â€Å"Nobody’s Perfect.† and how the lyrics in the song really speak to me.Everyone has their flaws, and being imperfect is just human. Imperfections are the worlds finest flaw. People make judgments from the outside and dont look deeper. Like how I was drawn to the beauty of the orange tree. I look all around once again, no tree, leaf or piece of grass is perfect. I have realized that I myself spend too much time on my outside appearance and trying to be perfect instead of enjoying myself . I want to worry less about how others see me and what others think of me. I want to be my own perfect, even if that means not being able to be that one bright orange tree. I am not perfect. You are not perfect. I know nothing that is perfect. I have changed over the years. I no longer care so much on how I look and just be myself. I am fine with not following what is in this season just so I can be like everyone else. If I want to be like others then who I am. I have realized that i need to be myself. If someone wanted me to go buy this new purse I would be like no sorry, just cause they are buying it why do I need to? I can be my own beauty and perfect. I got no where worrying about what others thought of me, what people see on the outside is nothing compared to what I have inside me. That’s all that matters, whats on the inside. Beauty is everywhere, to my left and to my right. From tall pine trees to mushrooms on the ground, to the sky to the roots of the earth there is beauty.A bright orange and yellow ombre leaf falls in front of my face, I will always remember that tree, it made me look at the true beauty and that nothing is perfect. My time is up, I approach the yellow school bus with my notebook in one hand and my pencil in another. I sit down on the yellow bus surround my classmates and look out the windowat forest one last time and we head back to the school